Botanical Name: Capsicum annuum Early Jalapeno. Common Name: Early Jalapeno Pepper. Botanical Name: Carpinus turczaninowii. Common Name: Korean Hornbeam. Botanical Name: Catalpa speciosa. Botanical Name: Cedrus deodara. Botanical Name: Cercidiphyllum japonicum. Botanical Name: Cercis canadensis Northern Zone 5.
Botanical Name: Cladrastis kentukea. Botanical Name: Coffea arabica. Botanical Name: Cornus florida Northern. Botanical Name: Cornus kousa chinensis. Botanical Name: Cornus sericea. Botanical Name: Corylus americana. Botanical Name: Cotinus coggygria Purpureus. Common Name: Purple Smoketree. Botanical Name: Delonix regia.
Botanical Name: Diospyros virginiana. Common Name: Common Persimmon. Botanical Name: Eucalyptus deglupta. Botanical Name: Fagus sylvatica. Common Name: European Beech. Botanical Name: Franklinia alatamaha. Common Name: Franklin Tree, Franklinia. Botanical Name: Fraxinus pennsylvanica. Botanical Name: Gerbera jamesonii. Botanical Name: Gleditsia triacanthos Inermis. Common Name: Thornless Honey Locust.
Botanical Name: Gymnocladus dioicus. Botanical Name: Helianthus annuus Autumn Beauty. Botanical Name: Heptacodium miconioides. Botanical Name: Hippophae rhamnoides. Common Name: Seaberry, Sea Buckthorn. Botanical Name: Ipomoea tricolor Heavenly Blue. Botanical Name: Juglans ailantifolia Cordiformis.
Common Name: Heartnut. Botanical Name: Kalmia latifolia. Common Name: Mountain Laurel, Spoonwood. Botanical Name: Koelreuteria paniculata. Botanical Name: Kolkwitzia amabilis. Common Name: Beautybush, Beauty Bush. Botanical Name: Laburnum anagyroides.
Botanical Name: Larix laricina. Botanical Name: Liquidambar styraciflua Northern. Common Name: Sweetgum, Redgum, Sapgum. Botanical Name: Liriodendron tulipifera dewinged. Botanical Name: Berberis repens. Common Name:. Botanical Name: Mimosa pudica. Botanical Name: Myrica pensylvanica clean seed. Common Name: Northern Bayberry, Bayberry.
Botanical Name: Nepeta cataria. Common Name: Catnip, Catmint, Catswort. Botanical Name: Nyssa sylvatica Southern. Botanical Name: Ocimum basilicum. Common Name: Sweet Basil. Botanical Name: Oxydendrum arboreum. Botanical Name: Papaver somniferum. Common Name: Opium Poppy. Botanical Name: Passiflora caerulea. Botanical Name: Paulownia tomentosa.
Common Name: Princesstree, Empress Tree. Botanical Name: Picea abies North America. Common Name: Norway Spruce. Botanical Name: Picea pungens Majestic. Common Name: Majestic Blue Spruce. Botanical Name: Pinus eldarica. Botanical Name: Pinus mugo mughus.
Botanical Name: Pinus parviflora. Botanical Name: Pinus pinea. Botanical Name: Pinus rigida. Botanical Name: Pinus strobus New York. Botanical Name: Pinus virginiana Improved. Common Name: Improved Virginia Pine. Botanical Name: Prunus americana. Botanical Name: Prunus avium Alkavo. Botanical Name: Pseudolarix amabilis. Common Name: Chinese Golden-larch. Raking my skin with a giant plastic comb seemed to help.
Occasionally, I'd bleed or accidentally scrape a piece of a mole right off. The thing is, heroin gets you addicted to heroin.
But opium is 40 to 50 different alkaloids, meaning 40 to 50 different drugs I was becoming addicted to. Some nights on the tea, I'd just lie in bed, content, even cheerful and impossibly satisfied enough to watch my wife read a copy of Lucky magazine, helping her put those little stickers on items she wanted. Admittedly, slugging down bowl after bowl of plant slop through a silly straw lacked the romance of an opium den or the skinny-tie-and-suit jet-setting of the French Connection ; it didn't have the instant appeal of the smoky red-light pleasures--the real ensemble pieces of the imagination--the ones where curly white smoke swirls in slow motion until it takes on the figure of an overly gracious geisha girl in fine red silk.
Poppy tea didn't leave me fashionably thin, either. In fact, after four months of constant use, I had never been so freaking fat in my life. I swelled from a size 30 to a 38 in jeans. I gained 65 pounds, almost exclusively in the middle, from the constipating bloat and junk-food chasers. While hard drugs collapsed on the user like a broken elevator when they wore off, poppy tea seemed to fade into the next day like a down escalator.
At first. The chronicles of the opium trade zigzag through early civilizations from Mesopotamia to China and eventually wander to Neolithic southwestern Europe, where groups of early open-minded dump dwellers found the opium poppy plant, papaver somniferum , growing like a weed among piles of refuse.
They soon discovered that not only would the plant seemingly thrive almost anywhere, but, also, when eaten or brewed into a primitive tea, it even took the edge off of living in a dump.
During the s, when the strong painkilling alkaloid morphine was first isolated from the poppy and used in everything from battlefield amputations to snake oils and suspect tonics with names like "Mister Jim's Special Relief for Facial Neuralgia" or "Calmer's Baby Tonic for Calmer Babies," the poppy's use as a tea fell out of practice. Purified morphine was cheaper than liquor, and a mix of the two, called laudanum, was sold as a kind of cure-all by greedy, apple-cheeked pharmacists everywhere.
Once morphine was processed into brand-name heroin, the use of poppy tea just about came to an end, at least until eBay came onto the scene.
As a modern world-bazaar or world-sized museum of bizarre junk, eBay reconnected well-worn trade routes electronically that had disappeared and grassed over centuries ago. While becoming a worldwide garage sale, global swap meet and anthropologist's curio shop, eBay also quite naturally had become the official opium gray market to at least some of the masses.
But it didn't also sell the cure. It was sometime before sunrise, and I was sitting in a motel in Carson City, Nev. My wife didn't kick me out. She didn't even tell me to stop drinking the tea. There was no ultimatum. I just packed three huge boxes of poppies in the car with the blender and left. I didn't tell her where I was going.
I didn't really know. But that seemed to be where you were likely to end up--at a cheap motel. There was some equation there. I walked a few miles to a grocery store for some lemon juice, Coke and junk food for the binge. I tried to get the motel tap water running to a boil, but the closest I could get was to put the hand-crushed poppies in the ice bucket and run the shower until steamy water filled it to the brim.
I drank it down in hideous gulps. The reverie, the calm of my ocean, a measured but strong divine state for silent natural trances. I was back in the folds of the plant. I realized I had left because I didn't want to share this experience with anyone.
I reached into the grocery bag and ripped open a three-pack of yellow Easter Peeps. This was living. DeQuincey noted that some nights he seemed to live for 70 to years. This was going to be one of those nights. As long as I didn't die, at least. I took a poppy pod out of the box and looked it over. It was regal, like a birch-colored rose wearing a halo; a poet could sit and be effusive for days meditating over its near-beauty.
Insulated by the opium and the sumptuousness of a secured motel room, I lay down with hopes of the state between consciousness and sleep. Suddenly, everything got blurry. The lights stayed put while my eyes moved. It was as though they were riding on oily ball joints.
Or were the lights on ball joints? My lips shrank, and I couldn't talk. My heart drummed fiercely. I needed to calm down. I panicked. The fear was intense. My toes wiggled around and got stuck in a cigarette hole in the bottom sheet of the motel bed. Did I drink too much? This was the high-water mark.
I scratched my itches. Always chasing. But this time, I wasn't catching anything. I was caught. I made more tea. Used more pods than ever before. I was trying to blast off somewhere. A few hours later, I had drunk the salt of pods but only felt a kind of necessary doom. I got out of bed and looked in the mirror to make sure I was still there. I looked like that mug shot of Nick Nolte, my hair up in the air, pasted in place by sweat and spilled drink.
Tiny poppy seeds were stuck to my shirt. They were everywhere. In the bed. Under my feet. On the floor. I turned on the TV. The news. Some jackass was trying to sell a body part on eBay, and it had made the headlines. I felt like I was trapped in an aviary of evil eye-pecking birds.
The threats were soaring overhead, then dive-bombing beak-first into the pores in my aching skull. I screamed.
The writhing, palpitating torment; the shattering headache; and the enormous irritability and agitation of the world all fit into the grit in my teeth. I needed something, some kind of painkiller, or I was going to die. I didn't know any old people who might have medicine cabinets stocked with Norco.
I needed help. I thought about the stairwell. I thought maybe I could push myself down the stairwell and break something and go to the emergency room and get some pain meds.
In Germany in particular, where poppy seeds are used and readily incorporated into food products, measures have been taken to reduce the amount of morphine present in poppy seeds intended for the food chain. The Report highlighted the requirement to estimate the dietary morphine exposure. From evaluation of extensive scientific literature sources, the EFSA panel concluded that it was possible for an individual to suffer effects from ingestion of poppy seed products.
It is known that the ingestion of poppy seeds has caused positive opiate drug test results with positive opiate results have been found in urine, blood, and oral fluid Cassella et al. In this study, the aim was to establish if thermal processing methods, the food matrix employed and the source of poppy seeds would affect the levels of opium alkaloids identified pre- and post-baking.
The main reason for this was to establish if normal food preparation techniques, employed when using poppy seeds, would ultimately affect the opium alkaloids reaching the food chain. Ultimately this will influence drug-testing results or have a potential clinical impact on an individual. Organic solvents acetonitrile, chloroform, isopropyl alcohol, diethyl ether, and methanol of HPLC grade were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Poole, Dorset.
Poppy seeds were purchased from a number of retail outlets in the UK with the country of origin identified where available Table 2. The mass spectrometer was operated in positive mode ionization with the specific instrument parameters shown in Table 4 Carlin et al.
Table 4. Figure 2 shows the extracted ion chromatograms for each of the alkaloids being analyzed in this work, including deuterated morphine as an internal standard. An overall run time of 12 min was employed, with all analytes of interest eluting before 10 min. Figure 2. Extracted chromatograms from a mixed injection of a morphine, b morphine-d3, c codeine, d thebaine, e papaverine, and f noscapine.
A minimum of six calibration points, plus a blank, were used with the concentration range and associated linear equations and R 2 values Table 5. A calibration set was analyzed alongside every data set. Analyte specific validation data is shown in Table 5. Table 5. Validation parameters for morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, and noscapine.
For each solvent, extractions were carried out at a different pH's i. To avoid contamination by plastic residues from pipette tips by the solvents, glass pipettes were employed. Poppy seeds from a portion of the 1 seeds were homogenized using a spice blender and approximately mg of the seeds were weighed into glass Durham tubes four tubes for each of the solvents.
For each solvent, the pH was altered to produce a solution of poppy seeds and solvent 1 mL at the specified pHs. To each solution, deuterated internal standard morphine-d 3 was added.
The tubes were then capped and placed into an ultrasonic bath for 10 min, centrifuged at 4, rpm for 10 min. Calibration solutions were prepared in the mobile phase on the day of analysis for each of the extractions. The ingredients were mixed into a batter and added to each of the dimples of mini-muffin trays purchased from Lakeland Ambleside, Cumbria.
The final weight of poppy seeds in each mini-muffin was approximately 1. They were then left to cool to room temperature. The poppy seed muffins were immersed in liquid nitrogen, crushed using a mortar and pestle and transferred to a spice blender for homogenisation prior to extraction and analysis by LC-MS.
The liquid nitrogen method was found to be easiest to apply to the muffins: this was due to the fact that the poppy seeds were incorporated into the sponge of the muffin. Trying to extract each poppy seed from the matrix proved very time consuming and was also considered that any alkaloids that may have interacted with the muffin matrix may also be included in results.
Less fatty emulsion was also formed during the extraction method, when liquid nitrogen was employed. A comparative study was carried out to establish if there was a difference between alkaloid levels resulting from poppy seeds incorporated into the matrix of the muffin to those resulting from poppy seeds coated onto a bread roll.
The dough was then split into 4 equal portions and each one was pressed into poppy seeds. The rolls were left to cool to room temperature and the poppy seeds were scraped from the surface using a metal spatula and homogenized in a spice blender prior to extraction and analysis by LC-MS. It was found that at the extremes of the polarity scale diethyl ether, dichloromethane, and water , the chromatograms produced were complex and with poor peak shape for the alkaloids; these observations were independent of pH.
In contrast, the optimum result, in terms of alkaloid presence and peak shape, was obtained using the solvent mixture i. For this reason, this extraction solvent mixture was used for all subsequent extraction's. For each source, the mean weight of each of the alkaloids in poppy seeds was calculated. When the levels of morphine in poppy seeds from each of the different sources was compared Table 7 , it was found that there was much variation within batch but also between sources of poppy seeds.
There is much variation in the extracted opiate compounds, which is primarily due to the environmental differences of the seeds Katrine et al. The country of origin for both of these poppy seed sources is unknown. When the same comparison was carried out for codeine Table 7 it was also found that there was much variation within different portions of the same batch and between sources of poppy seeds as was the case with morphine. Source 2, which was found to have a level of morphine much higher than the other sources, was also found to have a higher level of codeine.
No other similarities can be drawn from the data. It was also found that the same source with the highest levels of morphine and codeine also exhibited the highest levels of thebaine. Noscapine was identified in only two of the eight sources of poppy seeds Table 7. It was found that the seeds from source 7 contained the highest levels of noscapine of the two sources where noscapine was identified. Papaverine was detected in some of the analyzed seeds but peaks were so small that it was not possible to quantify them.
It has been identified that sub-varieties of Papaver somniferum L. However, this taxonomic information was not available from the suppliers of the seeds. It has been known since Annett, that factors, such as the season in which the plants are grown, weather conditions, and quality and type of fertilizer used can greatly affect the levels of alkaloids biosynthesised by Papaver somniferum L. In turn, the levels of alkaloids found in opium latex will also be affected.
No data currently exist that compares levels of alkaloids in opium latex and alkaloids from the same plant but it is assumed that the levels would correlate. On this basis, the country of origin, where the plant was grown in the field e. This means that if a batch of poppy seeds is harvested from one field, naturally there will be variation in the levels of alkaloids from each of the plants.
It has also been shown that the alkaloids present in the opium latex may contaminate the poppy seeds as part of the growing process and that a batch of poppy seeds is the combination of multiple fields in one country: all of these factors may explain why there is such variation within batch and between sources of poppy seeds.
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