One species— Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococci —is usually considered separately see Pneumococcal Infections Pneumococcal Infections Pneumococcal infections are caused by the gram-positive, sphere-shaped coccal bacteria see figure How Bacteria Shape Up Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococci. These bacteria commonly cause Inhalation of droplets of secretions from the nose or throat that are dispersed when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Usually, the bacteria are not spread through casual contact, but they may spread in crowded environments such as dormitories, schools, and military barracks. After 24 hours of antibiotic treatment, people no longer can spread the bacteria to others. Group B streptococci can be spread to newborns through vaginal secretions during vaginal delivery.
Viridans streptococci inhabit the mouth of healthy people but can invade the bloodstream, especially in people with periodontal inflammation, and infect heart valves causing endocarditis Infective Endocarditis Infective endocarditis is an infection of the lining of the heart endocardium and usually also of the heart valves. Infective endocarditis occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and travel Cellulitis Cellulitis Cellulitis is a spreading bacterial infection of the skin and the tissues immediately beneath the skin.
This infection is most often caused by streptococci or staphylococci. Redness, pain, and Impetigo Impetigo and Ecthyma Impetigo is a superficial skin infection, caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, or both, that leads to the formation of scabby, yellow-crusted sores and, sometimes, small Necrotizing fasciitis Necrotizing Skin Infections Necrotizing skin infections, including necrotizing cellulitis and necrotizing fasciitis, are severe forms of cellulitis characterized by death of infected skin and tissues necrosis.
The infected People have sudden chills, fever, and severe pain and tenderness in the affected area. The skin may appear normal until infection is severe. Throat infections are usually caused by a virus but may be caused by bacteria such as streptococcal bacteria Children under 3 years old seldom get strep throat.
Symptoms often appear suddenly. The throat becomes sore. Children may also have chills, fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, and a general feeling of illness malaise. The throat is beefy red, and the tonsils are swollen, with or without patches of pus.
Lymph nodes in the neck are usually enlarged and tender. However, children under 3 years old may not have these symptoms. They may have only a runny nose. If people with a sore throat have a cough, red eyes, hoarseness, diarrhea, or a stuffy nose, the cause is probably a viral infection, not a streptococcal infection.
Scarlet fever: A rash appears first on the face, then spreads to the trunk and limbs. The rash feels like coarse sandpaper. The rash is worse in skinfolds, such as the crease between the legs and the trunk. As the rash fades, the skin peels. Red bumps develop on the tongue, which is coated with a yellowish white film. The film then peels, and the tongue appears beefy red strawberry tongue.
Scarlet fever is uncommon today, but outbreaks still occur. It tends to spread when people have close contact with each other—for example, in schools or day care centers. Scarlet fever occurs mainly in children, usually after strep throat but sometimes after streptococcal skin infections. If untreated, streptococcal infections can lead to complications. Some complications result from spread of the infection to nearby tissue. For example, an ear infection may spread to the sinuses, causing sinusitis Sinusitis Sinusitis is inflammation of the sinuses, most commonly caused by a viral or bacterial infection or by an allergy.
Some of the most common symptoms of sinusitis are pain, tenderness, nasal congestion Mastoiditis usually occurs when untreated or inadequately treated acute otitis media Other complications involve distant organs. For example, some people develop kidney inflammation glomerulonephritis Glomerulonephritis Glomerulonephritis is a disorder of glomeruli clusters of microscopic blood vessels in the kidneys with small pores through which blood is filtered.
It is characterized by body tissue swelling This condition is a reaction Toxic shock syndrome Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxic shock syndrome is a group of rapidly progressive and severe symptoms that include fever, rash, dangerously low blood pressure, and failure of several organs. It can be difficult to distinguish clinically between skin infection caused by streptococci and other bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus.
Antibiotics should therefore be chosen to cover the most likely organisms. Flucloxacillin is more appropriate than simple penicillin as it treats both Staphylococcus staph and strep. If the laboratory has confirmed streptococcal infection, then the most appropriate antibiotic is usually penicillin. All streptococci in the Lancefield group are very sensitive to penicillin. Those patients with penicillin allergy may be given erythromycin or a cephalosporin eg, ceftriaxone , which are effective against most streptococci although some erythromycin resistance is emerging.
In very severe S. Pneumococcal skin infections are generally treated with penicillin but low levels of resistance have recently been reported. In more serious infections, ceftriaxone or vancomycin may be more appropriate. See smartphone apps to check your skin. Books about skin diseases Books about the skin Dermatology Made Easy book. DermNet NZ does not provide an online consultation service. If you have any concerns with your skin or its treatment, see a dermatologist for advice.
Streptococcal skin infection — codes and concepts open. Bacterial infection. However, it is important that a person take all of the antibiotic as prescribed. Household items like plates, cups, toys, etc. Infection with GAS can result in no illness, mild illness like strep throat or impetigo, or severe or life-threatening illness.
Severe GAS illness can become "invasive," that is, the bacteria has reached parts of the body where bacteria are not usually found such as the blood, deep muscle and fat tissue, or the lungs. Two of the most severe, but least common, forms of invasive GAS disease are called "necrotizing fasciitis" and "streptococcal toxic shock syndrome" STSS. Necrotizing fasciitis is a destructive infection of muscle and fat tissue, and occasionally described by the media as the "flesh eating" bacteria.
STSS is a rapidly progressing infection that causes shock and injury to internal organs such as the liver, kidneys and lungs. It is estimated that about 10,, cases of invasive GAS disease occur in the U. In contrast, there are several million cases of the milder GAS illnesses, strep throat, and impetigo, each year. Invasive GAS infections occur when the bacteria gets past the defenses of the person who is infected.
This may occur when a person has sores or other breaks in the skin that allow the bacteria to get into the tissue.
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