Some provincial-level officials who were purged during the Cultural Revolution were rehabilitated and returned to power. The Chinese Constitution charges local congresses and governments with legislating on specific matters relating to the localities and drafting local regulations to implement certain NPC laws. Local governments also have the power to draft regulations or detailed implementation rules similar to those that a State Council ministry would draft. The Legislation Law requires that local congresses and governments have internal procedures similar to those laid out for the NPC and its Standing Committee for drafting and debating legislation.
In the past decade, LPCs have been the focal point for much of the experimentation occurring in China in reforming legislative processes.
This trend is due in part to increasing popular demand. The Chinese public no longer places complete trust in government officials or institutions, and increasingly looks to the law as a tool to limit government powers.
As a result, the public has shown a growing interest both in seeing quality legislation produced and in having a role in the legislative process. Many local people's congresses now view public participation and transparency as vehicles to gain legitimacy for their legislation.
In Shanghai, which is often the center of nascent legal reform efforts, the Shanghai People's Congress has taken a number of steps to open up its legislative process. The Shanghai People's Congress now makes a practice of seeking the views of the Shanghai Bar Association when issuing any new laws, and Chinese lawyers report that the people's congress is considering financial support for academics to draft legislation.
Moreover, the Shanghai People's Congress has been a pioneer in holding open hearings on legislation. Using a model for public hearings based on U. This process is evolving.
The Shanghai People's Congress has experimented with different methods to notify the public about the hearings and with a variety of formats for the hearings themselves. It also has sought input and feedback from a number of sources on how to improve its hearings. Shanghai has seen a growing number of exchanges with delegations from other LPCs interested in improving public participation in the drafting process.
Other LPCs also have begun making efforts to improve the transparency of their legislative processes in the past year. This decision was the first attempt by Yunnan authorities to open the legislative process to public participation. According to Na Qi of the Yunnan Academy of Social Sciences, this experiment may enhance transparency in legislative activities and provides new means of measuring public opinion. The Sichuan People's Congress has been publicly soliciting proposals since November , and it included 13 proposals it received through the solicitation process in the Standing Committee's Plan on Legislation Proposals.
In December , the Guiyang Municipal People's Congress began soliciting legislative proposals as well as comments from the public on existing legislation. The Standing Committee of Zhejiang Province has announced a plan to regularize public participation in its legislative process by opening all of its meetings to the public. Other cities and provinces that have begun to collect suggestions on legislation from citizens include Beijing, Kunming, Gansu, and Guangdong.
These efforts to improve transparency are limited, however, to only a small number of geographic areas. Such steps cannot be characterized as an indication that the legislative process on the whole has become significantly more democratic. The Communist Party still exercises control over the lawmaking process at every level. Representatives in the NPC and the LPCs have limited accountability, as direct elections only take place at the very lowest levels, notably for village representatives to the township local people's congress.
Even at these levels, some have questioned the value of elections. While some observers argue that the elections familiarize the Chinese people with the tools of democracy and could lead to a yearning for greater popular representation at higher levels of government, critics charge that the election process only serves to strengthen Communist Party control.
Moreover, the elections that do take place have many deficiencies--there are no competitive political parties, candidates are not granted access to the media, and secret ballot booths often are inadequately administered.
Political and economic uncertainties and an occasionally difficult business environment can affect corporate payment behavior.
Corporate default probability is appreciable. Source: Coface Thank you for submitting. Which of the following best describes you? In effect, he is the most powerful person in China today. Succession and transfer of power in the CPC normally occurs through closed-door negotiations. Some believe that there are two factions of sorts in the CPC. Others, however, believe that the CPC is more complex and involves battles between various factions and allegiances.
In theory, China does have other, non-communist political parties. Moreover, the CPPCC, which is an annual meeting of members of both the CPC and non-communist parties, does not actually participate in policy making, though being an attendee of the event carries prestige.
The State Council is responsible for ensuring the implementation of CPC policies from the national level all the way to the local level. In practice, however, this is not the case. The NPC is composed of nearly three thousand delegates, making it the largest parliament in the world. Certainly a must for any MP or political activist. This course was simply perfect. I thoroughly enjoyed the content I learned throughout the course, as well as its structure i.
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Learn more about how FutureLearn is transforming access to education. Learn more about this course. Is China a Capitalist or Communist Country? In this article, Sir Vince Cable describes the ways in which China is both capitalist and also communist as well as the economic challenges it faces. Share this post. Excellent course 01 Jul,
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